Scientific Research

Introduction: Over one-third of older people with unplanned admissions to hospital are frail, but data on the burden of delirium, dementia and other cognitive frailty are lacking. Reliable hospital-wide and specialty-specific prevalence estimates are needed for service-planning including understanding the role of non-geriatricians in caring for this population.

Methods: ORCHARD includes pseudo-anonymised EPR data for consecutive admissions with a length of stay of >1 day (2017-2019) to four hospitals in Oxfordshire (population=800,000). Data are collected using a standard cognitive screen comprising dementia history, delirium diagnosis (Confusion Assessment Method-CAM), and 10-point Abbreviated Mental Test-AMTS that is mandated on admission for all patients >70 years. Cognitive frailty was defined as delirium, diagnosed dementia, delirium+dementia or AMTS<8 without delirium/dementia. We analysed the ORCHARD data to determine the prevalence of delirium/cognitive frailty trust-wide and by specialty (n=29 with >50 admissions).

Results: Among 51,202 admissions with mean/sd age=82/7 years and Hospital Frailty Risk Score=8/6, any cognitive frailty was present in 34.5% (95%CI 34.0-34.9%; n=17,466) of which delirium accounted for 14.6% (n=7,411), delirium+dementia=9.4% (n=4,757), dementia=7.5%, (n=3,784), AMTS<8=3% (n=1,514). The prevalence of cognitive frailty in general medicine, general surgery and trauma/orthopaedics, which accounted for 80% of admissions (n=41,016), was 41% (n=13,879), 21% (n=801) and 35% (n=1,304) in each, respectively. The prevalence was 44% in geriatric medicine admissions (n=133/301), 36% in palliative (n=128/356), 29% in stroke (n=135/468), 27% in infectious disease (n=41/152), 22% in neurosurgery (n=154/702) and 10-20% in all other specialties except two. Delirium was the most prevalent form of cognitive frailty in 24/29 specialties.

Discussion: Cognitive frailty is common in older unplanned hospital admissions across a broad range of specialties, with delirium accounting for most cases. Our findings support the need for hospital-wide and specialty-specific training and service development to reflect the needs of these older complex patients and increased emphasis on delirium in policy.

Introduction

The number of older adults accessing the healthcare service far exceeds the available geriatric specialist services. It is recognised that for the foreseeable future most hospital inpatient contacts with older adults will be completed by doctors not specifically trained in Geriatric Medicine. To ensure the provision of adequate healthcare, it is imperative that all hospital doctors are trained in the minimum Geriatric Medicine competencies. Allowing for the broad, complex, and multidisciplinary nature of Geriatric Medicine, we conducted a group concept mapping (GCM) study to permit multiple stakeholders with various expertise to convey their thoughts on the competencies required by all hospital doctors caring for older adults.

Methods

GCM is a mixed methods approach utilising six phases to generate expert group consensus, enabling participants to organise and represent their ideas. We invited healthcare professionals, patient advocacy groups and clinical educators to participate in GCM via an online platform. Hierarchical cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling were utilised to analyse participant input regarding competencies required by doctors caring for older adults.

Results

Twelve competency domains were identified by participants as integral for all hospital doctors to care for older adults. Domains rated most important related to interpersonal communication skills, medicolegal concerns, recognition and management of delirium and medication management.

Discussion

The twelve competency domains indicate the diverse skillset required by all doctors to provide comprehensive care to older adults within a hospital setting. The emergence of interpersonal communication skills underscores the importance of effective- doctor patient and interprofessional communication. Furthermore, the emphasis on medicolegal issues highlights the potential complex ethical and legal aspects in treating older adults. Recognition of delirium and medication management underline the specific challenges associated with caring for this specific population.

Conclusion

This study identifies competencies that may serve as a foundational framework for ensuring quality healthcare for the ageing population. Future initiatives should consider incorporating these competencies to improve inpatient care provided by hospital doctors to older adults.

Introduction

There is limited understanding of long-term delirium care after discharge from hospital for older people. A realist approach was used to investigate the contextual factors and mechanisms of care that influence recovery from delirium. Realist evaluation is fundamentally theory-driven. A preliminary programme theory was used as the foundation for theory testing and refinement, in order to develop the RecoverED intervention.

Method

Realist interviewing techniques were used to obtain real-world and lived experiences of delirium recovery and service use in the community for theory-building and testing. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of people with delirium (N=7), informal carers (N=14), and healthcare professionals (N=24). Data from the interviews were analysed using a deductive codebook of Context-Mechanism-Outcome (CMO) configurations. Open coding was also performed to identify inductive themes, which were then aggregated to elicit explanatory statements.

Results

There was support for a multicomponent delirium intervention including cognitive and physical rehabilitation, and psychosocial support. The analysis revealed the need for an additional component which focused on improving awareness and understanding about delirium amongst those with lived experience. In the context of insufficient knowledge about delirium, people experienced increased fear and anxiety among other negative outcomes. Offering a focused educational component as part of the intervention is expected to contribute to recovery outcomes. This was associated with CMOs identifying the need for positive relationships with staff, improving communication with staff and sense-making through staff emotional support.

Conclusion(s)

The preliminary programme theory was refined based on the realist analysis data. Additional components were included, one of which was targeted education for people with delirium and carers. Following a consultation with an expert panel, the intervention is being tested in a feasibility trial and process evaluation, which will analyse data from multiple sources using realist methods to further refine the intervention

Introduction:  Preoperative frailty is a key determinant of post-surgical outcomes and often co-exists with sarcopenia and malnutrition. Older patients account for a significant proportion of patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer and are therefore more likely to be affected by these risk factors.      

Methods:  Patients aged 65 and over undergoing planned surgery for colorectal cancer were recruited across five sites. Participants were screened preoperatively using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI). Nutritional status was assessed using the short form mini nutritional assessment (MNA-SF) and participant collection of spot urine samples to objectively measure habitual dietary intake. Sarcopenia was assessed through grip strength, gait speed and psoas muscle measurement using preoperative CT imaging. The non-radiological screening measures were repeated eight-weeks postoperatively, with additional urine samples collected in the first and fourth weeks.      

Results:  Forty-three participants (mean age 76 years, 60 % male) were recruited, of which 32% were frail. Using the mini-nutritional assessment 42 % of participants were identified as at risk of malnutrition and 9 % as malnourished. Urine assessment of habitual dietary intake is ongoing. There was a high prevalence of sarcopenia - 67 % determined by hand grip strength and 42% by CT analysis. Mean length of stay following surgery was 6.9 days. 28 % of participants were unable to complete the in-person post-operative follow up due to ill health, poor appetite and exhaustion.      

Conclusions:  This ongoing study has demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating frailty, nutritional status and sarcopenia screening alongside routine clinical care, in older adults undergoing surgery. However, retaining participants in observational studies during postoperative periods of convalescence, or whilst undergoing adjuvant treatment, is challenging. This study has also highlighted the potential of home urine sampling as a viable method of dietary assessment within community settings to aid malnutrition screening.     

Introduction :

Pulmonary hypertension assessed by echocardiography in patients with COVID-19 has not been adequately studied and it is unknown precisely whether it is linked to worse outcomes.

Materials and Methods :

Retrospective study of 306 adults infected with COVID-19 by antigenic or molecular testing. The main objective was to evaluate the role of the probability of echocardiographic pulmonary hypertension and its relationship with morbidity and mortality according to the ROX index in patients with COVID-19 infection. In the inferential statistical analysis, the OR odds ratios with their confidence intervals greater than 95% were used as measures of association. Qualitative variables were evaluated using the Chi square test or Fisher's exact test, and in the case of numerical or quantitative variables, the Student's T test or Mann-Whitney test was used.

Results :

The highest frequency in gender was Male 78% and Female 22%, the ROX values were higher in survivors at 2 h 5.8 (4.7 - 6.9), in relation to the deceased 4.5 (3.6 - 5 ,6). Likewise, at 12 h the values were higher in the group of survivors 7.8 (5.2 - 8.7) in relation to the deceased 4.9 (3.8 - 6.0). The odds ratio adjusted for age and gender of the ROX index was 8.5, CI (2.0 - 91.4) at 2 h and 17.6, CI (2.8 - 93.6) at 12 h. A statistical correlation was evident between lower values of the ROX index with values of high probability of pulmonary hypertension (p=0.048) as well as higher mortality (p=0.037).

Discussion :

The present study showed a correlation between the ROX index with pulmonary pressure values estimated by transthoracic echocardiogram and older age groups, showing higher mortality in those over 70 years of age and a higher rate of comorbidities and lower ROX.

Conclusions:

A greater probability of pulmonary hypertension is linked to high mortality in COVID-19; studies with larger groups of patients are required to validate the results found here.

Introduction: Older adults are the fastest growing and most sedentary group in society. With sedentary behaviour associated with negative health outcomes, reducing sedentary time may improve overall wellbeing. This single-arm mixed-method feasibility study explored the acceptability of an intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in community-dwelling older adults aged ≥75 years.

Methods: Participants were recruited from the Community Ageing Research 75+ Study (CARE75+) cohort, with factors such as age, frailty status, living arrangements and levels of sedentariness being considered. The intervention consisted of an educational booklet including advice on how to reduce sedentary behaviour, a smartwatch with a sedentary reminder function, educational group sessions and follow up phone calls. The 9-week intervention was conducted from June-August 2023. Reach, uptake, adherence, and adverse events were recorded, and the acceptability of the intervention was explored through semi-structured exit interviews.

Results: Of the 39 eligible participants, 10 consented (5M:5F) and had a mean age 84.3 years. The intervention had an uptake and reach of 25.6%, and retention of 100%. No falls, hospitalisations or deaths occurred, and three cases of mild irritation were reported which resolved during the study. 100% adherence was observed for the group sessions and follow-up phone calls, and 65% for self-monitoring. Qualitative data suggests that participants were receptive of the intervention according to the domains of the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability, and suggestions were provided on refining the intervention components.

Conclusion: Strategies to reduce sedentary behaviour were tested on a diverse sample of community-dwelling older adults in the oldest old age group, with varying levels of sedentary behaviour and frailty status. The presented strategies appear to be acceptable, appropriate, safe, and high levels of adherence were observed. Participant feedback will be used to refine the intervention.

Introduction: Older adults are the fastest growing and most sedentary group in society. With sedentary behaviour associated with deleterious health outcomes, reducing sedentary time may improve overall well-being. Adults aged ≥75 years are underrepresented in sedentary behaviour research. This study aimed to qualitatively profile the sedentary behaviour of adults aged ≥75 years. This included ascertaining older adults’ understanding of sedentary behaviour; identifying the activities performed in sitting and standing and identifying the barriers and facilitators towards reducing sedentary time.

Methods: Four focus groups with community-dwelling older adults aged ≥75 years were held between October-December 2022. Audio recordings and workshop notes were transcribed verbatim and inductive and deductive thematic analyses were conducted.

Results: Six community-dwelling older adults with a mean age of 83 were recruited. Group members were largely unaware of their sedentary behaviour, and the risk associated with prolonged sedentary behaviour. The activities performed in sitting and standing, and barriers and facilitators to reducing sedentary time were charted to the Capability Opportunity Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B). Analytical themes explored sedentary behaviour throughout older adulthood, the influence of sedentary behaviour on sleep, and the importance of social connectedness to reduce sedentary time.

Conclusions: This study provided novel insights into older adults’ reports of sedentary behaviour progressing throughout older adulthood. Sedentary behaviour in adults aged ≥75 years present similarly to a younger subset of older adults with regards to the activities performed in sitting, and the barriers and facilitators to reducing their sedentary time. However, the activities performed in sitting may be performed for longer, and the barriers to reducing sedentary behaviour may present more frequently. Social support appears valuable when attempting to reduce sedentary time, however, further research is necessary to explore the views of older adults who are socially isolated.

Introduction Monitored dosage systems (MDS) encompass a wide range of devices to help management of medication. This research uses poison centre data to explore risks associated with their use.

Method A search of accidental overdose enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) between 1/01/2017-31/12/22, classified as “therapeutic error/medical error” involving patients aged 65 or over was performed. Enquiries involving an MDS were identified. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test.

Results There were 394 enquiries concerning 393 patients and mean patient age was 81 years. There were significantly more females(n=266) than males(n=127), p = <0.0001. Exposures occurred at home (n=372), in care homes(n=18), in prisons(n=2) and in hospital(n=1). Cognitive impairment was reported in 32.5% patients(n=127). The 10 most common medications involved were bisoprolol (n=74), lansoprazole(n=59), atorvastatin(n=58), aspirin(n=47), omeprazole(n=43), amlodipine (n=44), paracetamol(n=42), clopidogrel(n=42), ramipril(n=42) and metformin(n=35). Most patients were asymptomatic(n=312). Common symptoms recorded were somnolence(n=16), dizziness (n=13), confusion(n=11), fatigue(n=7) and hypotension(n=5). Common reasons for incidents were a mistake by patient or family member(n=189), medications taken unwitnessed(n=88), MDS incongruent with current prescription(n=22), patient took another person’s medications(n=19), patient took medication in MDS in addition to that in normal packaging (n=15) and extra doses administered by different people(n=15). Almost 51% of patients were recommended to attend Emergency Department (ED) by the NPIS(n=200) and 18% were advised to contact their GP(n=71).

Conclusion MDS are perceived to improve adherence, these results reveal their potential harm. For example, the majority of patients in these enquiries were advised to seek medical help. MDS harm is likely underreported as this was a retrospective study and some information was not routinely collected. Further work including a prospective study is needed alongside support of safer medicine use through improved communication, education, and alternative tailored support.

Introduction

Symptoms of depression and anxiety, with and without dementia, are common in older care home residents. It is postulated that that watching films can help residents to share emotions, enhance social connectedness and engage in reminiscence. As such, films can ameliorate depression and promote well-being. This scoping review summarises the evidence for the therapeutic benefits of film-based interventions in care homes.

Methods

Electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, EMCare and CINAHL were searched for quantitative and qualitative studies in English including adults aged 65 years and older in years 2005-2023. The search terms were: older adults, dementia, depression, carers, caregivers, care homes, and film. 

Results 

Five studies met our criteria: Campbell-Sills, 2006, USA; Kim, 2014, Korea; Davison et al., 2016, Australia; Bjornskov et al., 2018, Denmark; and Breckenridge et al., 2020, UK. All subjects were care home residents except for Bjornskov et al., who included 63 institutional caregivers. The number of study participants ranged from 11 to 120. There was a female predominance throughout the studies, and all residents had dementia of varying severity. Study designs included: direct comparison of participants with mood/anxiety disorder versus controls (Campbell-Sills); non-equivalent control group pretest/posttest (Kim); randomised single-blind crossover (Davison); qualitative focus-group caregiver interviews (Bjornskov); and cross-sectional observation (Breckenridge). Observation/follow up periods ranged from 6 -10 weeks. Findings were as follows: Campbell-Sills: residents with mood/anxiety disorders were identified by suppressing negative emotions induced by films; Kim: group reminiscence therapy using cinema increased ego integrity and reduced depression severity; Davison et al: using a personal computer platform that included films resulted in reductions in anxiety, depression and agitation; Bjornskov et al.: caregivers reported that films can evoke reminiscence; Breckenridge et al.: small-group film viewing enhanced social connectivity.

Conclusion

Film screenings for ageing care home residents have the potential for improving mood and encouraging social connections.

Introduction

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and is associated with significant disability. The prevalence of PD is rising and the literature demonstrates potential sex and race disparities in patient outcomes. There is a paucity of data about the demographic trends in PD-related mortality in the United States (US). This descriptive study aimed to report the national demographic trends in PD-related mortality over a 20-year period.

Methods

From January 1999 to December 2020, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiological Research (CDC-WONDER) Underlying Cause of Death database was queried. Data were extracted to determine the PD-related age adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) stratified by age, sex, ethnicity and geographic area, with the 1999 deaths as the reference group. Annual percentage change (APC) for AAMR was then calculated using Joinpoint regression.

Results

From 1999 to 2020, there were 515,884 PD-related deaths in the study period. AAMR increased from 5.3 per 100,000 population in 1999 to 9.8 per 100,000 in 2020. Males had consistently higher AAMR than females and white race had consistently higher overall AAMR (7.6 per 100,000), followed by American Indians/Alaska Natives (4.4 per 100,000), Asians/Pacific Islanders (4.1 per 100,000) and Black/African Americans (3.4 per 100,000). The Midwest had the highest AAMR followed by West, South and Northeast. Utah, Idaho and Minnesota had the highest state-level AAMR.

Conclusion

This study using a national dataset identified significant age, sex, race and geographic disparities in PD-related mortality in the US. Older age, male sex, white race and Midwest locality were associated with the highest AAMR.